如何写好科研论文慕课.pdf
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1、如何写好科研论文(慕课)如何写好科研论文(慕课)1.科技论文是集假说、数据和结论为一体的概括性描述。研究的目的是为了形成并证实假说，得出结论，不是简单的数据收集。论文并不仅是收集研究结果，也有助于形成进一步的研究工作的框架好的文章提要也是研究工作的好计划，在研究的过程中，应该反复修改这些计划或提要。研究工作开始时，应有完善的计划；工作结束时，应充分的总结。2.outline2.1 The reason for outlines.The reason for outlines.按照提纲进行写作是最有效的方法提纲是一篇论文的行文计划，应该包括论文所依靠的数据。提纲不仅仅是列出各段的内容，而是按照目
2、的，假说，结论来精心组织数据。在我们就提纲达成一致以前，写正文是没有意义的在动笔前，详细讨论几遍写作提纲会提高写作效率；写很多遍正文反倒很慢2.2 How should you construct an outline?2.2 How should you construct an outline?找一页空白的纸，以任何顺序，写下与这篇文章有关的所有重要观点 自问一些显而易见的问题如果你的研究开始是为证实一个假设，然而当你发现你有的数据仿佛真的可以更好地验证其它的假设时，你也不必担心。把它们两者都写出来，去选择假设，目的和数据的最佳组合。试着草拟一份提纲。将你的观点分成三大类A)Introdu
3、ctionWhy did I do the work?What were the central motivations and hypotheses?为什么我要做这件工作，主要的目的和假设是什么？B)Results and DiscussionWhat were the results?How were compounds made and characterized?What was measured?结果是什么？化合物是怎样合成与表征的？测试方法是什么？C)ConclusionsWhat does it all mean?What hypotheses were proved or di
4、sproved?What did I learn?Why does itmake a difference?所有这一切意味着什么？证实或否定了什么假设？我学到了什么？结果为什么与众不同？把每一部分再仔细组织。尤其是要集中整理数据。要尽可能把数据以清晰、紧凑的图表来展示Finally,put everythingoutline of sections,tables,sketches of figures,equations in good order.最后，把所有这些内容的提纲、表格、草图、方程式，排好顺序。当你已经囊括了所有的数据（或者你明确知道你还需要收集哪些额外的数据），有了一个合理的构架
5、，你对这些都感到满意时，将大纲交给我。简要地标明哪些地方还缺数据，你认为（或推测）这些数据大概是什么样。如果你的推测是正确的，你将如何去解释它。拿到你的大纲后，我将把我的观点，建议反馈给你。一般，我们需要四或五个来回才能达成一致（中间经常还需要补做一些实验）。在我们的意见一致后，所有的数据通常以最终（或接近最终的）形式确定下来（也就是说，在提纲中的表格，图表等最终将成为文章中的表格，图表）。然后，你就可以开始动笔写，注意你写的这些大多将用于正文。合理使用我们的时间的关键是，我们应尽可能早地交换提纲和建议。在任何情况下，都不要等到你已经收集全了数据之后才开始动笔写提纲。研究是永无止境的。当你看到
6、你的结果初具雏形时，就要立即开始准备构思文章和提纲，这将节省你很多的精力和时间。即便在认真组织成文前，我们已经决定补做重要的其他实验，试着写一个提纲也一定对研究有指导意义。2.3 The outline2.3 The outlineWhat should an outline contain?1.Title:1.Title:2.Authors:2.Authors:3.Abstract:3.Abstract:Do not write an abstract.That can be done when the paper iscomplete.不要着急写摘要，可以等文章写完后再写。4.Introd
7、uction:4.Introduction:The first paragraph or two should be written out completely.Payparticular attention to the opening sentence.Ideally,it should stateconcisely the objective of the work,and indicate why this objective isimportant.文章的第 1 或 2 段应该完全用来写引言引言应该包含以下几个要素：工作目的。对工作目的评价：该工作为什么很重要？工作背景：谁做了什么
8、工作？做得怎么样？以前我们做了哪些工作？导读：读者应该注意该文章的哪些方面？有意义的要点有哪些？我们用到了哪些策略？5.Results and Discussion.5.Results and Discussion.The results and discussion are usually combined.This section should be organized according tomajor topics.The separate parts should have subheadings in boldface to make this organizationclear,
9、and to help the reader scan through the final text to find the parts that interest him or her.The following list includes examples of the phrases that might plausibly serve as section headings:这一部分应根据主题来进行组织。分段应有黑体字的副标题，目的是使文章更有条理，能帮助读者清楚地通览全文，并找到他们感兴趣的内容。尽可能使副标题具体并且内容丰富，尽量概括该段落的共同点在提纲中，不要罗列大量的正文内容，
10、而是要给出数据应放的合适位置：任何正文应该简明地指出那段中包括了什么数据。把文章看作实验结果的集合，并尽可能清晰和简洁地总结在图表，表格，方程和示意图中。论文中的正文是为解释数据服务的，因而它是次要的。可以被压缩进表格，方程等的信息越多，文章越短，越易读。6.Conclusion.6.Conclusion.In the outline,summarize the conclusions of the paper as a list of shortphrases or sentences.Do not repeat what is in the Results section,unlesssp
11、ecial emphasis is needed.The Conclusions section should be just that,and not a summary.It should add a new,higher level of analysis,and shouldindicate explicitly the significance of the work.在提纲里，总结论文中的结论应是由一些简短的短语或句子组成结论不仅仅只是一个总结。它应该增加新的，更高层次的分析，并且应该明确地指出这项工作的意义。7.Experimental.7.Experimental.Includ
12、e,in the correct order to correspond to the order in the Resultssection,all of the paragraph subheadings of the Experimental section.2.4 In summary:总结：2.4 In summary:总结：*Start writing possible outlines for papers early in a project.Do notwait until the“end”.The end may never come.在一个项目开始时，就应该着手去写可能的
13、论文提纲，而不要等到论文结束的时候。研究可能永远没有结尾可言。*Organize the outline and the paper around easily assimilated datatables,equations,figures,schemes rather than around text.整理提纲和论文要围绕易于接受的数据表格，方程式，图表，示意图，而不是围绕正文。*Organize in order of importance,not in chronological order.Animportant detail in writing paper concerns th
14、e weight to be given to topics.Neophytes often organize a paper in terms of chronology:that is,theyrecount their experimental program,starting with their cherished initialfailures and leading up to a climactic successful finale.This approachis completely wrong.Start with the most important results,a
15、nd put thesecondary results later,if at all.The reader usually doesnot care howyou arrived at your big results,only what they are.Shorter papers areeasier to read than longer ones.不是按照时间顺序,而应按重要性来整理。应该从最重要的结果写起，然后是较重要的结果。读者们通常不关心你是怎么得到的结果，而只关心结果是什么3.Some Points of English Style英文文体上的一些要点：1)Do not us
16、e nouns as adjectives:2)The word this must always be followed by a noun,so that its reference is explicit3)Describe experimental results uniformly in the past tense.描述实验结果一律要用过去时态。4)Use the active voice whenever possible.5)Complete all comparisons.6)Type all papers double-spaced(not single-or one-an
17、d-a-half spaced),and leave 1 space aftercolons,commas,and after periods at the end of sentences.Leave generous margins.(generally,1.25 on both sides&top&bottom).Assume that we will write all papers using the style of the American Chemical Society.You canget a good idea of this style from three sourc
18、es:1)The Journal.Simply look at articles in the journals and copy the organization you see there.2)Previous papers from the group.By looking at previous papers,you can see exactly how apaper should look.If what you wrote looks different,it probably is not what we want.3)The ACS Style Guide:A Manual
19、for Authors and Editors.(Janet S.Dodd,Editor Washington,D.C.USA 1997).Useful detail,especially the section on references.I also suggest you read Strunk and White,The Elements of Style(Longman:New York,2000,4thedition)to get a sense for English usage.Two excellent books on the design of graphs and figuresare:The Visual Display of Quantitative Information by Edward R.Tufte,Graphics Press(1983)and Envisioning Information also by Edward R.Tufte,Graphics Press(1990).
