如何写好SCI论文中的Conclusion？

这是SCI写作的第三弹，在知乎上搜了一下，发现没有太合适的问题，所以就来了个自问自答！

Conclusion结论部分是SCI的重点，因为很多审稿人最先看的两部分就是摘要和结论，因为这两部分都是对文章的高度精炼，那结论到底应该怎么写？这个回答我打算从已发表的SCI论文入手，详细分析结论的写作套路！

在讲之前我推荐给大家两本书，这两本书也是我在读博士的时候经常翻看的工具书，其中有大量SCI写作技巧的讲解，都有关于SCI语言的详细讲解，有很多的实际案例讲解，一本写的是事如巨细，可以看做是词典之类的检索书籍来用，叫做《科技写作与交流》，还有一本写的比较简练，适合于初学者入门，叫做《如何撰写和发表SCI期刊论文》，有需要的可以戳下面链接购买：

结论的作用其实就是对结果与讨论部分（Results & Discussion）中所形成的主要论点的精炼和罗列。

结论部分是SCI论文中最好写的一个部分，说白了就是我们小学时候就学过的“缩写”！缩写什么？缩写的就是结果与讨论部分（Results & Discussion）每一个小标题下的内容，通常的结构是先来一个“小帽子”，再把主要结论逐一列出，具体如下：

小帽子：对研究背景、研究内容和研究方法的进行一个概述，相当于对材料与方法部分的缩写。最后来一句：The main findings are as follows或者Main conlusions can be drawn from this work, as follows，逐条引出结论

结论分条列出(3-5条)：每条100字以内为宜，简单说是对于结果与讨论部分每个子标题内容的一个缩写。

全文总结或展望：有的SCI论文还会在分条列出主要结论后，再用1-2句做一个全文总结，有的也会对未来的研究进行展望，该部分是可选项。

小帽子部分通常是一般过去式；分条结论多采用一般现在时，但需要引用文章中的相关结果时，则采用一般过去时；全文总结通常是一般现在时，展望一般是将来时。

引出逐条结论可用以下句式：

The main findings of the paper are as follows:

Main conlusions can be drawn from this work, as follows，

The conclusions are summarized as follows,

The following conclusions may be drawn from the experimental results:

These results could also be

Based on these experimental results, the main conclusion can be summarized as follows.

在这一部分，我会选取6篇一二区SCI的结论部分进行详细的精讲，分别来自我的母校天津大学、清华大学、北京理工大学、同济大学和吉林大学。由于本人是动力机械专业，所以所选文章都是围绕发动机节能减排这个话题，由于离开专业领域有一段时间了，其中的翻译和理解可能存在偏差，请各位批评指正。

总体上看推荐模仿论文1-4的Conclusion写作结构， 论文5-6需要较高的写作技巧，有一定基础后再进行尝试

[1]Zhang Z , Zhang W , Ma X , et al. Effects of GDI injector deposits on spray and combustion characteristics under different injection conditions[J]. Fuel, 2020, 278:118094.

这篇文章的研究内容是：“GDI发动机喷油器积碳对喷雾以及燃烧的影响”。

结论第一段为小帽子，简要回顾了一下本文的研究内容和演技方法，随后分为5条结论，分别对应Results & Discussion部分的6个小节，其中就3.3和3.4的研究内容进行了合并。

[2]Wang Q , Yin S , Ni J . The effects of n-pentanol, di-n-butyl ether (DBE) and exhaust gas recirculation on performance and emissions in a compression ignition engine[J].Fuel, 2021, 284:118961.

这篇文章是关于“正戊醇、二正丁基醚（DBE）和废气再循环对压燃式发动机性能和排放的影响”。

结论第一段为小帽子，简要回顾了下本文的研究背景、研究内容和研究方法，随后分为6条结论，分别对应Results & Discussion部分的4个小节，其中就3.1和3.2均被拆成两条结论。

[3]Shang W , Yu X , Shi W , et al. Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and hydrogen direct injection on combustion and emission characteristics of a n-butanol SI engine[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020, 45( 35):17961-17974.

这篇文章是关于“废气再循环和氢气直喷对正丁醇汽油机燃烧和排放特性的影响”。

结论第一段为小帽子，简要回顾了下本文的研究内容和研究目标，随后分为5条结论，其中最后一条为对核心结论的精炼，另外4条分别对应Results & Discussion部分的2个小节，前两条是关于燃烧特性的，后两条是关于排放特性的。

[4]Zhang Z , Liu X , Liu H , et al. Effect of soybean oil/PODE/ethanol blends on combustion and emissions on a heavy-duty diesel engine[J].Fuel, 2020, 288:119625.

这篇文章是关于“大豆油/PODE/乙醇混合燃油对重型柴油机燃烧和排放的影响”。

结论第一段为小帽子，简要回顾了下本文的研究内容和研究方法，随后分为3条结论，分别对应Results & Discussion部分的3个小节，最后一段对核心结论进行精炼的同时，提出了下一阶段研究展望。

[5]Hu J , Li J , Hu Z , et al. Power distribution strategy of a dual-engine system for heavy-duty hybrid electric vehicles using dynamic programming[J].Energy, 2020, 215.

这篇文章是关于“基于动态规划的重型混合动力汽车双发动机系统功率分配策略研究”（这一方面确实不是我的强项，可能会存在一些错误，请大家见谅）。

首先说明一下，这篇文章的Conclusion并非常规写法，基本不存在小帽子，仅用一句话简要点明了文章的研究内容。第一段重点介绍本文所使用的控制策略；第二段重点介绍控制策略的节能潜力；第三段重点介绍基于规则的控制策略制定。

[6]Wang Y , Wang J , Hao C , et al. Characteristics of instantaneous particle number (PN) emissions from hybrid electric vehicles under the real-world driving conditions[J].Fuel, 2021, 286:119466.

这篇文章是关于“实际行驶条件下混合动力汽车瞬时颗粒物数量（PN）排放特征研究”。

结论第一段为小帽子，简要回顾了下本文的研究内容，随后分为5段结论，其中第二段主要与Results & Discussion部分的3.1小节对应，后面四段分别对应Results & Discussion部分的3.2小节下面的四个小标题。

做这些的初衷就是：经常有一些师弟师妹们向我咨询：如何写一篇SCI？我个人是比较反感这样的问题的，典型的拿来主义，但是我后来看到那么多师弟师妹被发表不了SCI而毕不了业所折磨着，也想到了我当年的焦虑！我想把我的经验无偿的拿出来，虽然不能说是很优秀的经验，但是我就是凭着这些经验发表了一篇又一篇的SCI，超额完成任务顺利毕业的，所以我个人觉得我的经验肯定是有可取之处！后续我也会不断完善这一系列的回答：怎么写Materials and Methods？怎么写Results & Discussion？

最后如果你需要论文润色服务的话，我推荐 @editage意得辑！还是那句话：这只是来自于我单方面的推荐，强买强卖就没有意思了！如果你选择了@editage意得辑，你还可以享受额外的一个9折优惠，优惠码是：PROAMB90，记住字母一定要大写哦！不会用的可以看我这个教程：

希望对师弟师妹们有所帮助！如果真的对你有所帮助，希望可以给我留个言，跟我分享一下你的收获！

SCI写作方法总述：研究生、博士生全程只靠自己能否发一篇 SCI？

摘要（Abstract）写作技巧：论文摘要怎么写？

引言（Introduction）写作技巧：怎样写好英文论文的 Introduction 部分？

材料与方法（Materials and Methods）写作技巧：如何写好SCI论文中的Materials and Methods（材料与方法）？

结果与讨论（Results and Discussion）写作技巧：

如何准确表达SCI论文中的图？

如何写好SCI论文中的Results & Discussion 部分？

结论（Conclusion）写作技巧：如何写好SCI论文中的Conclusion？

SCI写作语言技巧：SCI论文写作中的语言技巧有哪些？怎么才能提高论文的语言质量？

SCI投稿流程：第一次投稿 SCI 论文，有哪些要注意的地方？

SCI修改意见怎么回复：投了一篇sci，返回意见是大修，没有经验，请问如何操作？

我是正男@工藤正男，一个多读了几年书的博士，你的点赞、收藏和关注是对我最大的支持！

结论简洁，到要点即可。可以突出一下不同之处。

Conclusion结论，有的期刊是在Discussion的最后一段，有的是单独列出来一个section。

这部分内容一般只有一个段落。前半部分重申一下你的研究的主要结论，结尾一句再升华一下，展望一下该研究对领域发展的理论的或实际的意义就可以了。

Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论，具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值。

在这一部分需要展示这项工作是如何从目前的知识状态推进这一领域的，并提出并证实此项研究的延伸意义，给出建议：未来研究和实验的可能方向，建议延伸至更广涵义。

在撰写Conclusion时，一个常见错误是重复写摘要，或者只是列出实验结果。

在这一部分，一定不要再次陈述你的结果。 你应该在这一部分为你的本次研究提供一个清晰的科学依据，然后适当的时候指出用途和扩展。此外，你可以建议未来的实验，并指出正在进行的实验。以及可以针对引言中提出的目标，提出当前的全局和具体结论。

Conclusion内容包括

• 概括说明本研究的研究内容、结果及其意义
• 使用方法，得出结论，结论有什么实用价值，有何创造性成果或见解，解决了什么实际问题，有何应用前景。
• 存在缺陷与不足：哪些研究没有做，哪些研究可以做的更好等等

Conclusion 常用句式总结

This study set out to …
This paper has argued that …
This essay has discussed the reasons for …
In this investigation, the aim was to assess …
The aim of the present research was to examine …
The purpose of the current study was to determine …
The main goal of the current study was to determine …
This project was undertaken to design … and evaluate …
The present study was designed to determine the effect of …
The second aim of this study was to investigate the effects of …

总结主要研究成果

This study has identified …
This study has shown that …
The research has also shown that …
The second major finding was that …
These experiments confirmed that …
X made no significant difference to …
This study has found that generally …
The investigation of X has shown that …
The results of this investigation show that …
X, Y and Z emerged as reliable predictors of …
Multiple regression analysis revealed that the …
The most obvious finding to emerge from this study is that …
The relevance of X is clearly supported by the current findings.
One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that …

建议对知识领域的影响

In general, therefore, it seems that …
The results of this study indicate that …
These findings suggest that in general …
The findings of this study suggest that …
Taken together, these results suggest that …
An implication of this is the possibility that …
The evidence from this study suggests that …
Overall, this study strengthens the idea that …
The current data highlight the importance of …
The findings of this research provide insights for …
The results of this research support the idea that …
These data suggest that X can be achieved through …
The theoretical implications of these findings are unclear.
The principal theoretical implication of this study is that …
This study has raised important questions about the nature of …
The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study …
Taken together, these findings suggest a role for X in promoting Y.
The findings of this investigation complement those of earlier studies.
These findings have significant implications for the understanding of how …
Although this study focuses on X, the findings may well have a bearing on …

解释研究结果或贡献的重要性

The findings will be of interest to …
This thesis has provided a deeper insight into …
The findings reported here shed new light on …
The study contributes to our understanding of …
These results add to the rapidly expanding field of …
The contribution of this study has been to confirm …
Before this study, evidence of X was purely anecdotal.
This project is the first comprehensive investigation of …
The insights gained from this study may be of assistance to …
This work contributes to existing knowledge of X by providing …
This is the largest study so far documenting a delayed onset of …
Prior to this study it was difficult to make predictions about how …
The analysis of X undertaken here, has extended our knowledge of …
The empirical findings in this study provide a new understanding of …
This paper contributes to recent historiographical debates concerning …
This approach will prove useful in expanding our understanding of how …
This new understanding should help to improve predictions of the impact of …
This is the first report on X from a nationally representative cohort of patients.
The methods used for this X may be applied to other Xs elsewhere in the world.
The X that we have identified therefore assists in our understanding of the role of …
This is the first study of substantial duration which examines associations between …
The findings from this study make several contributions to the current literature. First,…
These findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of X and provide a basis for …

认识到当前研究的局限性

A limitation of this study is that …
Being limited to X, this study lacks …
The small sample size did not allow …
The major limitation of this study is the …
This study was limited by the absence of …
X makes these findings less generalisable to …
Thirdly, the study did not evaluate the use of …
It is unfortunate that the study did not include …
The scope of this study was limited in terms of …
The study is limited by the lack of information on …
The most important limitation lies in the fact that …
The main weakness of this study was the paucity of …
Since the study was limited to X, it was not possible to ..
An additional uncontrolled factor is the possibility that …
It was not possible to assess X; therefore, it is unknown if …
An issue that was not addressed in this study was whether…
The generalisability of these results is subject to certain limitations. For instance, …
One source of weakness in this study which could have affected the measurements of X was …

Notwithstanding these limitations, the study suggests that …
Whilst this study did not confirm X, it did partially substantiate …
Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers some insight into …
In spite of its limitations, the study certainly adds to our understanding of the …
Notwithstanding the relatively limited sample, this work offers valuable insights into …
Although the current study is based on a small sample of participants, the findings suggest …

The question raised by this study is …
The study should be repeated using …
This would be a fruitful area for further work.
Several questions still remain to be answered.
A natural progression of this work is to analyse …
More research using controlled trials is needed to …
More broadly, research is also needed to determine …
A further study could assess the long-term effects of …
What is now needed is a cross-national study involving …
Considerably more work will need to be done to determine …
The precise mechanism of X in insects remains to be elucidated.
These findings provide the following insights for future research: …
Large randomised controlled trials could provide more definitive evidence.
This research has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation.
A greater focus on X could produce interesting findings that account more for …
The issue of X is an intriguing one which could be usefully explored in further research.
If the debate is to be moved forward, a better understanding of X needs to be developed.
I suggest that before X is introduced, a study similar to this one should be carried out on …
More information on X would help us to establish a greater degree of accuracy on this matter.

Other types of X could include: a), b). …
There is, therefore, a definite need for …
Greater efforts are needed to ensure …
Provision of X will enhance Y and reduce Z.
Another important practical implication is that …
Moreover, more X should be made available to …
The challenge now is to fabricate Xs that contain …
Unless governments adopt X, Y will not be attained.
These findings suggest several courses of action for …
A reasonable approach to tackle this issue could be to …
Continued efforts are needed to make X more accessible to …
The findings of this study have a number of practical implications.
There are a number of important changes which need to be made.
Management to enhance bumble-bee populations might involve …
This study suggests that X should be avoided by people who are prone to …
A key policy priority should therefore be to plan for the long-term care of …
This information can be used to develop targetted interventions aimed at …
Taken together, these findings do not support strong recommendations to …
Ensuring appropriate systems, services and support for X should be a priority for …
The findings of this study have a number of important implications for future practice.

写在前面

Conclusion是对全文的总结，约占文章篇幅的5%。它的功能主要是回应，总结与反思。它虽然不是最重要的章节，但也千万不要掉以轻心。

在介绍Conclusion之前，小马建议大家复习一下上期干货提到的discussion和conclusion的区别, 这样能帮助你更清楚地掌握conclusion的写作内容和技巧。

Conclusion内容主要包括以下三部分：

1. 回应introduction，与之形成闭环，用简单的语言重述研究目的、研究主题、研究方法；

2. 回应研究问题，总结研究发现，阐述研究意义；

3. 反思研究缺陷，提出未来发展方向。

小马在这里举一个期刊论文的例子（比毕业论文更精简，不过也更能帮助大家深入理解conclusion的内核）

在写conclusion时，有以下4点需要注意的问题：

1.细节问题：时态转换

“总结”时大多用一般过去时或现在完成时：

The purpose of the current study was to determine…

This thesis has provided a deeper insight into…

“提出未来工作”时大多用一般现在时或将来时：

Future work is needed to fully understand the implications of…

Future modelling work will have to be conducted in order to determine…

2.细节问题：字数过多或过少

Conclusion约占文章篇幅的5%，不需要长篇大论，但在“大部头”的毕业论文中也不能过于精简。

3.Conclusion不是对上面章节的机械重复，要学会paraphrase。

如何paraphrase呢？

（1）技巧：释+换+改

• 找出句中关键词，关键词一般是不能被替代的，但可以用新的句子来解释其内涵；
• 使用同义词替换其他词；
• 改变词性、搭配、语法、句子结构。

（2）工具

• https://www.thesaurus.com寻找同义词
• https://ozdic.com寻找常用搭配
• https://quillbot.com改写文本

小马提示：人工智能虽好，也都只是辅助写作的机器。提高自己的写作和改写能力才是硬道理！

4.“there are no surprises in academic writing ”，不能在文章的结尾部分提出任何新观点哦！

其实，从introduction到conclusion，就是从general---specific---general的过程。具像化来说，类似一个柱子，上下都有广博的联系，中间是你的小小贡献(main body)。

到这里，「硕士毕业论文干货系列」全部完结啦！希望这8期内容能够为你的毕业论文之路提供一份助力。

还是那句话，祝我的朋友们马上distinction！

小马永远与你并肩同行！